The physical processes and the equations characterizing the coupled behaviour are included in Section 4, with an illustrative example and discussion on the likely future development of coupled models. In many cases, for the model to adequately represent the rock reality, it is necessary to incorporate couplings between the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical processes. In Section 3, the largest section, states-of-the-art and advances associated with the main methods are presented in detail. There is also discussion on the value that is obtained from the modelling, especially the enhanced understanding of those mechanisms initiated by engineering perturbations.
STIFFNESS METHOD OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS EXAMPLES HOW TO
The different types of numerical models are outlined in Section 2, together with a discussion on how to obtain the necessary parameters for the models. The rock engineering design backdrop to the review is also presented. The review begins by explaining the special nature of rock masses and the consequential difficulties when attempting to model their inherent characteristics of discontinuousness, anisotropy, inhomogeneity and inelasticity. Such modelling is essential for studying the fundamental processes occurring in rocks and for rock engineering design. Each component can then be isolated and treated separately.read more read lessĪbstract: The purpose of this review paper is to present the techniques, advances, problems and likely future developments in numerical modelling for rock mechanics. Connection forces are computed from the component equations. Component responses are found using the transformation. System equations of motion are formulated and solved to determine system response.
This transformation is used to derive system properties and forces from component properties and forces. These serve as equations of constraint among the component coordinates and are used to construct a transformation relating component coordinates to system coordinates. The requirement of system continuity gives rise to equations of displacement compatibility at the connections.
Generalized mass, stiffness, and damping matrices are determined for each component, as are generalized forces. "Normal" modes define displacements relative to the connections. "Constraint" modes are included to treat redundancies in the interconnection system. Rigid-body modes are convenient where displacements are denned in inertial space for dynamic analysis. These are generated in three categories: rigid-body, "constraint," and "normal" modes. Displacements of the separate components are expressed in generalized coordinates that are defined by displacement modes. Abstract: A method is developed for analyzing complex structural systems that can be divided into interconnected components.
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